Scandes

The Scandes, also known as the Scandinavian Mountains, is a north-south oriented mountain range forming the western spine of the Scandinavian Peninsula and running through Norway and Sweden. It is among Europe’s oldest mountain belts and shapes the region’s topography, climate, and biodiversity.

Geology and topography: The range consists largely of Precambrian crystalline rocks and gneisses that are part of the Baltic Shield. It originated during the Caledonian orogeny and was extensively sculpted by Pleistocene glaciations, producing deep valleys, fjords, and a rugged crest. The highest summits are relatively modest by global standards but include numerous notable peaks.

Major peaks and geography: Galdhøpiggen in Norway at 2,469 meters is the highest point in the Scandes. Glittertinden (about 2,464 m) is another prominent summit. In Sweden, Kebnekaise reaches around 2,106 meters, making it the country’s highest point, while Sarektjåkkå attains about 2,089 meters in the northern part of the range.

Climate and ecology: The high elevations host alpine tundra and glaciers, with coniferous forests at lower elevations in some areas. The region supports wildlife such as reindeer, wolverines, lynx, and Arctic-boreal flora. Periglacial features, talus slopes, and cirques are common in glaciated zones.

Human activity and protection: The Scandes include several national parks and protected areas, such as Norway’s Jotunheimen and Rondane and Sweden’s Sarek and Padjelanta, preserving glaciated landscapes and traditional reindeer routes. The range is a focus for outdoor recreation, mountaineering, and winter sports, while also contributing to hydropower development and regional economies.