Samenschalen
Samenschalen, in botanical terminology, are the outer protective coverings of seeds. They originate from the integuments of the ovule and are commonly referred to as the seed coat (testa). In many species the seed coat consists of two layers: an outer testa and an inner tegmen, though the exact structure can vary and may be fused with parts of the fruit surrounding the seed.
The primary role of the samenschalen is protection. They shield the embryo from mechanical damage, desiccation,
Coat characteristics vary widely among plants. Some seeds have very hard, thick coats (hardseededness), which require
Understanding samenschalen is important for ecology, agriculture, and seed technology, as coat properties influence germination, dormancy,