Sambucus

Sambucus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae, commonly known as elder or elderberry. The genus comprises roughly 20–25 species native to temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They are typically deciduous shrubs or small trees.

Description and biology: Sambucus species have opposite leaves that are pinnate, usually with five to nine serrated leaflets. The flowers are arranged in large, flat-topped clusters (umbels) and are typically white or pale yellowish. Each flower has five petals and a mild fragrance. The fruit forms as small drupes, dark purple to black when ripe, and are produced in dense clusters after flowering. Birds often disperse the berries, and the plants are valued for ornamental use as well as fruit production.

Habitat and distribution: Elders inhabit woodlands, hedgerows, riverbanks, and other temperate habitats. Notable species include Sambucus nigra (European elder), Sambucus canadensis (American elder), and Sambucus racemosa (red elderberry). Some red-berried forms can be poisonous when raw.

Cultivation and varieties: Sambucus is widely grown as an ornamental plant and for fruit. It prefers sun to partial shade and well-drained soil, tolerates a range of moisture conditions, and can be pruned to maintain shape. Cultivars such as Sambucus nigra 'Black Lace' feature highly ornamental, deeply cut foliage.

Uses and safety: Elderflowers are used to make cordials, teas, and flavorings; the berries are used in jams, syrups, wines, and desserts when cooked. Raw berries and other parts contain cyanogenic glycosides and can cause nausea or more serious symptoms if ingested in quantity; cooking destroys the toxins. Caution is advised when foraging or handling wild plants, particularly for children and pets.