Sailors

Sailors are mariners who navigate and operate ships and boats at sea. The term covers commercial mariners who work on merchant ships, naval personnel, and, in some contexts, fishermen and crews on research or support vessels. Modern sailors work on a variety of crafts, including container ships, bulk carriers, tankers, passenger ships, and patrol or hydrographic vessels. The essential functions include safe navigation, operation of propulsion and auxiliary systems, deck work, and protection of crew and cargo.

Training and qualifications vary by country and role but share core requirements. Sailors typically receive formal training through maritime academies, vocational programs, or on-the-job apprenticeships. Core competencies include seamanship, navigation, meteorology, radio and safety systems, cargo handling, and first aid. Certifications such as the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping (STCW) are required in many jurisdictions, with ongoing refreshers. Roles on board commonly include captain, chief mate, second mate, engineer, bosun, able seaman, and ordinary seaman.

Life at sea involves watchkeeping and duty rosters, with responsibilities that differ by rank and assignment. On ships, sailors maintain 24-hour operations, perform navigation, mooring and line handling, cargo operations, engine maintenance, and safety drills. Voyages can be lengthy, with limited shore access and unique crew culture. Hazards include severe weather, fatigue, equipment failure, piracy in some regions, and the physical demands of life at sea.

Variants and governance exist across sectors. Merchant seafarers travel internationally on commercial vessels; naval sailors serve in military fleets; fishermen operate fishing vessels. International and national regulations govern safety and labor standards. Organizations such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) oversee safety, training, and environmental rules, including the Maritime Labour Convention.