Sahelzone

The Sahelzone is a term used to describe the Sahel region, a semi-arid belt that forms the transition zone between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian savanna to the south. It spans parts of several West and Central African countries, running roughly from the Atlantic coast in the west to the Horn of Africa in the east. The designation is not an official administrative boundary but a geographic and environmental concept widely used in climate, development, and security discussions to emphasize shared features across a diverse area.

Geography and climate are defining characteristics. The Sahelzone has a hot, semi-arid climate with a distinct wet season and a longer dry season. Rainfall is highly seasonal and variable from year to year, and in many areas trends associated with climate change include greater variability and stress on water and soil resources. The region is prone to droughts and, conversely, episodes of intense rainfall that can trigger flooding. Vegetation ranges from thorn shrublands to savanna, with soils often fragile and susceptible to erosion and degradation when land is overused.

Demographics and economy are shaped by rapid population growth and mixed livelihoods. Many communities rely on rain-fed farming and pastoralism, with crops such as millet, sorghum, and maize and livestock herding forming core activities. Pressure on land and water resources, together with climate shocks, contributes to poverty, food insecurity, and migration within and beyond national borders. Economic development is linked to natural resource management, infrastructure, and regional integration.

Governance, security, and resilience are ongoing concerns. The Sahelzone includes several sovereign states and shared land and cross-border issues. Regional organizations and international partners work on security, governance, and climate adaptation programs aimed at stabilizing livelihoods, improving resilience, and promoting sustainable development.