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STATs

Statistics is the science concerned with collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data. It provides methods for describing data, quantifying uncertainty, and supporting evidence-based decision making. The term originates from the study of state data and governance, with roots in European statistics and probability theory.

Statistics has two broad aims: descriptive statistics, which summarizes data using measures such as mean, median,

Key concepts include populations and samples, sampling methods, experimental design, bias, variability, correlation and causation, and

Data collection, quality, and ethics are central. Data are subject to measurement error, missing values, and

Applications span science, medicine, engineering, economics, public policy, sports, and business. Statistical thinking underpins data science,

mode,
variance,
and
graphical
displays;
and
inferential
statistics,
which
uses
samples
to
draw
conclusions
about
populations,
incorporating
likelihood
and
uncertainty
through
probability
theory.
the
distinction
between
parameter
and
statistic.
Statistical
practice
relies
on
models
and
assumptions,
and
uses
estimation
and
hypothesis
testing,
confidence
intervals,
regression
and
analysis
of
variance,
time-series
analysis,
and
nonparametric
methods
to
analyze
data.
biases,
requiring
cleaning,
validation,
and
transparent
reporting
to
support
reproducibility.
Statistical
results
are
expressed
with
measures
of
uncertainty,
such
as
p-values,
confidence
intervals,
and
effect
sizes.
analytics,
and
machine
learning,
providing
foundations
for
model
selection,
validation,
and
interpretation.
Popular
tools
include
programming
languages
and
software
such
as
R,
Python
libraries,
SAS,
SPSS,
and
Excel.