Rubeola

Rubeola, commonly known as measles, is an acute viral respiratory infection caused by the measles virus, a member of the Morbillivirus genus. The term rubeola distinguishes it from rubella, the disease often called German measles. Measles is a vaccine-preventable illness that can cause serious complications, particularly in young children and in settings with malnutrition or limited healthcare.

After an incubation period of about 10 to 14 days, symptoms typically begin with fever, cough, c eryza, and conjunctivitis. A characteristic enanthem with Koplik spots may appear inside the mouth. A maculopapular rash usually starts on the head and face near the hairline and ears, then spreads downward to the trunk and limbs over several days. The rash gradually fades in the same general sequence.

Measles is highly contagious, spreading via respiratory droplets and aerosols. Transmission can occur from about four days before to four days after onset of the rash. Complications can include otitis media, pneumonia, diarrhea, encephalitis, and, rarely, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Severe disease is more likely in young children, individuals with malnutrition or vitamin A deficiency, and pregnant women, where adverse outcomes may occur.

Diagnosis is often clinical, supported by laboratory testing such as measles-specific IgM serology or PCR. There is no specific antiviral treatment; management is supportive, with vitamin A supplementation recommended in some settings, particularly for malnourished children.

Prevention relies on vaccination with the measles-containing vaccine, usually as part of the MMR or MMRV vaccines. Two doses provide high effectiveness and contribute to herd immunity. Global vaccination efforts aim to reduce transmission and prevent outbreaks, though gaps in coverage can allow sporadic resurgence.