Roboticanimals

Roboticanimals are robotic platforms designed to mimic animals in form, movement, or behavior. They can resemble mammals, birds, fish, or invertebrates and range from toy figures to sophisticated research platforms. Some emphasize visual likeness, others focus on locomotion or sensory capabilities. Used in research, education, therapy, and entertainment, they may operate autonomously or under human control, sometimes interacting with humans or animals in real environments.

History and scope: The field emerged in the late 20th century with consumer and laboratory robots. Notable examples include Sony's AIBO robotic dog (introduced 1999) and Paro the robotic seal (2003) used in therapy. Laboratory platforms inspired by real locomotion led to legged and aquatic robots such as BigDog (2005–2010) and contemporary quadrupeds (Spot, ANYmal) that explore robust navigation across varied terrain.

Technology and design: Roboticanimals rely on actuators such as electric motors, hydraulics, or soft composites; sensors including cameras, tactile skins, and range finders; and control systems for balance, gait generation, and interaction. Power is typically battery-based, with ongoing research into efficiency and endurance. Materials range from rigid shells to soft polymers that better mimic flexible animal tissue.

Applications and ethics: They support biomechanics research, rehabilitation and therapy, education, and museum or zoo exhibits. Ethical considerations address transparency about robotic status, safety, user privacy, and environmental impact of production and disposal. As capabilities grow, debates continue about anthropomorphism, the welfare implications of social robots, and the lines between machines and living beings.