Ringkonnakohtud

Ringkonnakohtud, or Courts of Appeal, are the intermediate appellate courts in Estonia’s judiciary. They hear appeals from district courts (maakohtud) in civil and criminal matters and handle certain administrative-law cases as well. The ringkonnakohud serve as the second level of jurisdiction, aiming to ensure consistent application of law across the country.

Each ringkonnakohus operates with professional judges and typically sits in three-judge panels, with larger or more complex cases sometimes handled by larger formations. They review the findings of fact and the application of law in the decisions of district courts, and may uphold, overturn, or remand cases for further proceedings in the first instance. Depending on the case, parties may present new evidence or arguments within the bounds of the law.

The jurisdiction of the ringkonnakohud includes civil disputes, criminal cases, and selected administrative matters that fall within the appellate framework. Decisions rendered by these courts are binding until they are appealed further or overturned by a higher court.

Appeals from a ringkonnakohus go to the Supreme Court of Estonia (Riigikohus) on points of law (cassation) or for constitutional questions where applicable. This structure is governed by the Estonian Constitution and the Courts Act, with the aim of preserving consistency in legal interpretation and providing a fair opportunity to challenge lower-court decisions.

Historically, ringkonnakohtud were established as part of reforms to create a standardized, two-tier system at the intermediate level, complementing district courts and the Supreme Court.