Rhipicephalus

Rhipicephalus is a genus of hard ticks in the family Ixodidae. It comprises numerous species that parasitize mammals, birds, and occasionally other vertebrates, and is of veterinary and medical importance in many regions. Adults, nymphs, and larvae feed on the blood of hosts, often remaining attached for several days before disengaging.

Life cycle and biology: Like other ixodid ticks, Rhipicephalus species progress from eggs to larvae, nymphs, and adults. The number of hosts used in a life cycle varies by species; some complete the cycle on a single host (one-host ticks), while others utilize two or three hosts across different hosts.

Distribution and hosts: The genus is most diverse in tropical and subtropical areas, with some species having a wide distribution. Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, is cosmopolitan and commonly found in domestic environments. Other species are important livestock pests in Africa, Asia, the Americas, and Europe.

Pathogens and disease: Several Rhipicephalus species are vectors of pathogens affecting animals and humans. Notable examples include Babesia bovis and B. bigemina in cattle, Theileria parva in East Africa (transmitted by R. appendiculatus), and canine pathogens such as Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys. Rhipicephalus ticks can also transmit Rickettsia species associated with human disease, such as Rickettsia conorii.

Control and management: Tick control relies on acaricides, environmental management, regular owner-tick checks, and movement controls to prevent spread of regulated species. Vaccination against ticks is used in some cattle systems, and integrated pest management approaches are recommended to reduce reliance on chemicals.