Rayalaseema

Rayalaseema is a geographic and cultural region in the southern Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The core area comprises four districts: Kurnool, Anantapur, Kadapa, and Chittoor. The boundaries of Rayalaseema are not universally fixed, and in some contexts the term is used to include portions of neighboring districts such as Prakasam and Nellore. The region sits on the Deccan plateau and features upland terrain with the Western Ghats and Nallamala ranges to the north and east.

Etymology and history: The name Rayalaseema is generally believed to derive from Rayalu, a title associated with rulers of the Vijayanagara Empire, with Seema meaning region or boundary. The area has historic ties to the Vijayanagara kingdom and later dynasties that controlled the Deccan. After Indian independence, Rayalaseema became part of the reorganized state of Andhra Pradesh in 1956.

Geography and climate: Rayalaseema comprises a hilly plateau with parts of the Eastern Ghats and the Nallamala forest landscape. The climate is tropical and generally hot, with rainfall that is uneven and comparatively lower than coastal regions, making parts of the area drought-prone. Rivers such as the Penna and Tungabhadra play roles in irrigation in some districts.

Economy and society: Agriculture is the dominant economic activity, with crops including groundnut, red gram, maize, and cotton. Chittoor district is notable for horticulture, especially mangoes. The region also hosts mineral resources and several small-scale industries, including cement production in parts of the area. Telugu is the predominant language; major urban centers include Tirupati in Chittoor district and the cities of Kurnool, Anantapur, and Kadapa.

Culture and institutions: Rayalaseema has a distinct cultural identity within Andhra Pradesh, reflected in its dialect, cuisine, and festivals. The region contains historic temples and sites and supports educational and research institutions serving southern Andhra Pradesh.