Rakukasvaja

Rakukasvaja is the Finnish term for a malignant tumor, or cancerous growth. It refers to a neoplasm that results from genetic and epigenetic changes in cells, leading to uncontrolled proliferation, invasion into surrounding tissues, and potential spread to distant sites (metastasis). It is distinguished from benign growths, which do not invade or metastasize.

Malignant neoplasms arise in many tissue types and are broadly classified into major groups, including carcinomas (arising from epithelial cells), sarcomas (mesenchymal tissues), lymphomas and leukemias (blood and immune system), and melanomas (pigmented skin cells). The exact biology and behavior vary by cancer type and individual factors.

Diagnosis typically combines clinical examination with imaging procedures and biopsy. Histopathological analysis confirms malignancy and helps determine subtype. Staging, commonly using TNM criteria, assesses tumor size and extent of spread to guide treatment planning and prognosis.

Treatment is usually individualized and may involve surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, or hormone therapy. In many cases, a multimodal approach is used. Palliative care is an important component for advanced disease to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Prognosis depends on cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and patient-related factors. Epidemiology shows substantial variation in incidence and outcomes across populations. Prevention and early detection strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and hepatitis B, tobacco cessation, and regular screening programs, can reduce risk and improve survival.