Radiography

Radiography is a branch of medical imaging that uses ionizing radiation to visualize the internal structures of the body. Most commonly it refers to radiographs, or X-ray images, produced when a controlled X-ray beam passes through the body and is captured by a detector on the opposite side. The resulting two-dimensional images reflect differences in tissue density and composition. Radiography also encompasses fluoroscopy, computed radiography, and digital radiography, as well as specialized techniques such as mammography and contrast radiography.

Radiography is used to diagnose fractures, infections, malignancies, and chest and abdominal diseases, among other conditions. Plain radiography provides a quick overview, while fluoroscopy allows real-time visualization of motion and the use of contrast agents to highlight structures of the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and vasculature. Digital radiography uses solid-state detectors and computer processing, offering faster results and lower dose than film-based methods. Mammography uses low-dose X-rays to examine breast tissue for signs of cancer. All radiographic procedures involve exposure to ionizing radiation, so radiation protection principles, including ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), shielding, and justification, are essential. Equipment includes X-ray tubes, detectors, image receptors, and software for acquisition and interpretation. Radiography is performed by radiologic technologists and interpreted by radiologists. Safety protocols, patient history, and quality control measures guide use, with alternative imaging modalities (ultrasound, CT, MRI) employed when appropriate.