Pähkliallergia

Pähkliallergia, or nut allergy, is an IgE‑mediated hypersensitivity reaction triggered by proteins found in tree nuts and sometimes peanuts. The condition can be life‑threatening, as ingestion of even trace amounts of allergenic nuts may provoke anaphylaxis. Common clinical features include oral itching or swelling, hives, abdominal pain, vomiting, wheezing, and in severe cases, hypotension, loss of consciousness, or respiratory arrest. Symptoms typically appear within minutes to a few hours after exposure.

Diagnosis is based on a detailed medical history, physical exam, and confirmatory tests such as skin prick testing or serum-specific IgE measurement. An oral food challenge under medical supervision is considered the gold standard when the diagnosis is uncertain, especially in children.

Management relies on strict avoidance of all nuts associated with the allergy. Given the high risk of accidental ingestion, patients should carry an epinephrine auto‑injector and be trained to use it promptly. Allergy education, clear labeling, and communication with caregivers, schools, and employers are essential. Pharmacologic therapy may include antihistamines for mild reactions, while severe reactions mandate epinephrine. Long‑term management also involves periodic review of the allergy status and reassessment of skin prick test results, as some individuals may outgrow specific nut allergies over time.

Pähkliallergia prevalence varies worldwide, affecting approximately 1–2 % of the general population, with higher rates among individuals with atopic dermatitis, asthma, or other IgE‑mediated conditions. Research into immunotherapy, such as oral or epicutaneous exposure protocols, is ongoing to establish safer and more effective treatment options.