Problematisierung

Problematisierung, or problematization, is the process of turning a given practice, concept, or situation into a problem worthy of analysis by interrogating underlying assumptions, norms, and power relations. The term derives from German problem and the suffix -atisierung, and in English is often rendered as "problematization" or "to problematize." In scholarly work, problematization functions as a methodological and theoretical strategy to reveal how knowledge is produced, whose interests it serves, and what consequences it has for actors and institutions.

In social sciences and humanities, problematization is used to question taken-for-granted categories such as identity, development, risk, and legitimacy. It guides research questions, frames analysis, and interprets methods by foregrounding tensions, ambiguities, and ethical or political dimensions. It is closely associated with critical theory, postcolonial studies, feminist and gender studies, and science and technology studies, as well as pedagogical approaches that treat knowledge as contingent rather than given—e.g., problem-posing education inspired by Freire.

Process: identify everyday assumptions; expose hidden norms and power dynamics; reframe issues as contested and socio-politically situated; explore alternative explanations and imaginaries; assess implications for policy, practice, and accountability.

Criticism: excessive problematization can obscure practical solutions, lead to relativism or epistemic fragmentation, or reflect specific ideological positions. Proponents argue that careful reflexivity and transparent criteria for critique can mitigate these risks.

See also: critical theory, discourse analysis, reflexivity, deconstruction, and problem-posing education.