Pontics

Pontics are artificial teeth that replace missing natural teeth in dental prostheses such as fixed partial dentures, bridges, and removable appliances. The term derives from the Latin “pontifex,” meaning bridge, reflecting the pontic’s role in spanning the gap left by an extracted tooth. In a fixed bridge, the pontic is anchored to abutment teeth on either side of the edentulous space, while in a removable partial denture the pontic is attached to a metal framework that rests on adjacent teeth.

There are several designs of pontics, each intended to balance aesthetics, function, and hygiene. The hygienic or ridge‑lap pontic has a convex tissue‑contacting surface that creates a clearance space, facilitating cleaning and reducing plaque accumulation. The sanitary or modified ridge‑lap pontic provides the greatest tissue clearance, often used when periodontal health is a concern. The conventional or sanitary pontic rests directly on the gingival tissue, offering a natural emergence profile but requiring meticulous oral hygiene. Emerging designs such as the ovate pontic extend slightly into the soft tissue to create a seamless transition that mimics natural tooth contours.

Materials commonly employed for pontics include porcelain fused to metal, all‑ceramic, zirconia, and composite resin, selected based on strength, aesthetics, and patient-specific factors. Proper fabrication and placement are critical to distribute occlusal forces evenly, prevent overloading of the abutments, and maintain gum health. Failure to design an appropriate pontic can lead to food impaction, periodontal inflammation, or prosthetic fracture. Dental professionals assess the patient’s oral anatomy, functional requirements, and cosmetic expectations when determining the optimal pontic type and material.