Ponerines

Ponerines is a subfamily of bees within the family Apidae, which also includes honeybees and bumblebees. They are characterized by their small size, typically ranging from 4 to 10 millimeters in length, and their distinctive black and yellow coloration. Ponerines are known for their unique nesting habits, often constructing their nests in the soil or in the bark of trees, and are often found in tropical and subtropical regions.

The subfamily includes several genera, with the most well-known being Ponera. Ponera species are often referred to as "sweat bees" due to their habit of collecting sweat from mammals, particularly primates, as a source of protein for their larvae. This behavior is unique among bees and has been observed in species such as Ponera coarctata and Ponera margaritae.

Ponerines play an important role in their ecosystems by pollinating various plants and contributing to the overall biodiversity of their habitats. However, due to their small size and often secretive nature, they are not as well-studied as some other bee species. Conservation efforts for ponerines are generally focused on protecting their natural habitats and reducing threats such as habitat destruction and pesticide use.