Plwocina

Plwocina is a term used in Polish medical language for sputum, the material expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing. It comprises mucus, cellular debris, bacteria or other microorganisms, and, in some cases, blood. In clinical practice, plwocina is collected to help diagnose infections, inflammatory conditions, and other lung disorders.

Sputum is produced by goblet cells and submucosal glands lining the bronchial tree and is cleared from the airways by the coordinated action of ciliated epithelium. Normal secretions trap aspirated particles and pathogens and are routinely expectorated or swallowed. Changes in volume or consistency can reflect underlying disease.

Character changes in plwocina can provide diagnostic clues. For example, clear or white sputum is common in viral infections or noninfectious conditions; purulent (green or yellow) sputum suggests bacterial infection; rusty, pink, or blood-tinged sputum may indicate bronchial inflammation or more serious conditions such as tuberculosis or malignancy. Persistent hemoptysis requires prompt evaluation.

Laboratory analysis of plwocina typically includes a Gram stain and culture to identify bacterial pathogens, and may include acid-fast staining or culture for mycobacteria, fungal testing, and cytology if cancer is suspected. Quality assessment of a sputum sample often checks the proportion of squamous cells to ensure a representative lower-respiratory tract specimen.

Management targets the underlying cause of altered plwocina. Treatments may involve hydration, cough and airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for bacterial infections, and disease-specific therapies (such as bronchodilators or anti-inflammatory medications). Any sudden change in sputum color, quantity, or the appearance of blood warrants medical evaluation.