Plasmabased

Plasma-based refers to processes, devices, and technologies that use plasma, the fourth state of matter in which gas is partially ionized and contains free electrons and ions. Plasma-based approaches exploit properties such as high energy density, electrical conductivity, reactive species, and the ability to modify surfaces or drive chemical reactions at relatively low bulk temperatures.

Plasma can be generated by various methods, including electrical discharges, radiofrequency or microwave power, and atmospheric-pressure sources. Plasmas are typically categorized as thermal, where electrons and heavy particles are at similar temperatures, and non-thermal or cold plasmas, where electrons are energetic but the bulk gas remains near ambient temperature. This distinction influences suitable applications and material compatibility.

Applications span several sectors. In materials processing, plasma is used for etching, cleaning, surface activation, and thin-film deposition (for example, sputtering and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition). In lighting and displays, plasma is employed in devices such as plasma display panels and certain types of lamps. Environmental and energy applications include plasma-assisted combustion, gasification, and reforming processes that facilitate chemical transformations and pollutant destruction. In medicine and biology, non-thermal plasmas are explored for sterilization, wound healing, and other therapeutic effects, subject to regulatory review. In microfabrication, plasma processes enable precise patterning and surface modification at the micro- and nanoscale. Plasma propulsion concepts, including ion and Hall-effect thrusters, are used in spacecraft propulsion.

Advantages of plasma-based methods include the ability to drive chemical reactions at relatively low temperatures, high reactivity of species, and fine control over surface properties. Challenges involve equipment complexity, cost, process control, and safety considerations related to high voltages and reactive species.