Plafonds

A plafond, also called a ceiling, is the overhead interior surface that closes off the upper limit of a room. It defines space, conceals structural elements and utilities, and contributes to a room’s light, acoustics, and thermal performance.

Ceilings are made from a variety of materials, including plaster or gypsum board, wood, metal, reinforced concrete, and composite panels. In modern buildings, suspended or false ceilings with a grid system are common, allowing easy access to ducts, wiring, and pipes. Finishes range from smooth painted surfaces to decorative treatments, plaster mouldings, or wooden paneling.

Ceilings vary in form. Fixed plaster, wood paneling, or decorative plaster mouldings create solid ceilings, while vaulted, groin, barrel, or coffered ceilings reveal structural or stylistic features. Suspended ceilings can accommodate lighting and acoustic tiles, and may improve acoustic performance or fire ratings.

Design and performance considerations include acoustics, fire resistance, insulation, and lighting integration. Ceiling form can influence room height perception and energy efficiency. Materials and coatings may provide moisture resistance or fire ratings, and integrated lighting or diffusers can affect illumination quality.

Historically, ceilings range from simple plaster surfaces to elaborately decorated coffers, frescoes, and wood carvings in classical and baroque architecture. The 20th century popularized suspended ceilings and standardized ceiling tiles for commercial buildings, influencing practical installation and maintenance.

Maintenance involves cleaning, inspection for cracks or moisture damage, and ensuring access to services. Proper installation and ventilation help prevent condensation and mold.