Placbitis

Placbitis is a medical condition named for its primary effect on the placenta, the organ that mediates nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus during pregnancy. The term is derived from the Greek words for placenta and inflammation. It is recognised in obstetric pathology as a distinct form of placental inflammation that can compromise fetal well‑being and maternal health.

The condition is characterised by inflammatory infiltrates within the villous stroma and decidua. Histopathological examination reveals a mixture of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes, sometimes with necrotic foci or abscess formation. The inflammatory process may be mild or severe, and it is often noted in association with intra‑uterine infection. Placbitis is differentiated from other placental lesions such as chorioamnionitis or villitis of unknown etiology by its distinctive cellular composition and distribution of inflammatory cells.

Common maternal or fetal findings include preterm labour, abruption of the placenta, fetal growth restriction, and in severe cases, stillbirth. The most frequent bacterial agents implicated are Group B streptococci, Escherichia coli and anaerobes, though viral pathogens such as herpes simplex virus can also be involved. Predisposing factors include prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal diabetes, and immunological disorders.

Diagnosis is usually achieved post‑delivery through microscopic examination of placental tissue. In some cases, antenatal ultrasonography may suggest placental inflammation, but definitive confirmation requires histology. Management focuses on treating the underlying infection with appropriate antibiotics and monitoring fetal status. Infections that give rise to placbitis are often part of broader intra‑uterine infection syndromes, so a comprehensive obstetric evaluation is recommended.

The incidence of placbitis has been reported to range from 0.5% to 5% of all births in studies conducted in tertiary care centres. Most cases are identified in the immediate postpartum period. Research continues into the exact pathogenesis of placental inflammation and its long‑term outcomes for both mother and child.