Pipiltin

Pipiltin refers to the noble class in the pre-Columbian Nahua states, most prominently among the Mexica (Aztec) people. The pipiltin comprised rulers, high-ranking officials, military leaders, and priests who formed the privileged political and religious elite. Membership was largely hereditary, but status could also be earned through exemplary service, especially in warfare or religious leadership, or through strategic marriage and alliance networks.

In Aztec governance, the pipiltin operated within the altepetl (city-state) and its associated calpulli (clans or nodal communities). They often held important offices and directed administrative, judicial, or ceremonial duties. High-ranking pipiltin could become or support a tlatoani (ruler) or serve in senior priestly or advisory roles. Land, resources, and influence within the community tended to flow through noble lineages, and education for the young pipiltin typically took place at the calmecac, a school for the nobility and priestly training, contrasting with the telpochcalli, more commonly attended by commoners.

Privileged status distinguished the pipiltin from the macehualtin, the commoners, and the tlacotin, slaves. They enjoyed certain social privileges and bore responsibilities to sustain the political order, including participation in ceremonies, military leadership when required, and governance tasks. The system reinforced a hierarchical social order in which the noble class maintained authority through lineage, education, and ceremonial authority.

Following the Spanish conquest, the traditional pipiltin system underwent transformation as colonial structures replaced or redefined indigenous governance. The term continues to appear in historical and ethnohistorical discussions as a descriptor of the Aztec and other Nahua noble strata.