Phytoterapia

Phytoterapia, also known as herbal medicine, is the medical use of plant-derived substances to prevent or treat illness. It encompasses whole plants, plant parts, and preparations such as extracts, tinctures, teas, and essential oils. Phytotherapy is practiced within traditional systems as well as modern clinical settings, and it overlaps with pharmacognosy and phytochemistry.

Historically rooted in traditions such as Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and European herbalism, phytotherapy has evolved with pharmaceutical regulation and scientific research. Practitioners may prepare and dose plant materials themselves or use standardized extracts. Common preparation methods include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, dry extracts, and encapsulated powders, with varying levels of standardization and quality control.

Regulation and evidence vary by country. Some jurisdictions require rigorous clinical trials and quality standards; others treat plant remedies as dietary supplements. Systematic reviews show modest benefits for certain conditions (for example mild depressive symptoms with St. John's wort; some sleep or anxiety indications with chamomile), but results are heterogeneous and product quality is a major factor.

Safety and interactions are important considerations. Plant medicines can cause adverse reactions and may interact with conventional drugs, altering metabolism or pharmacodynamics. Contamination, mislabeling, and variability in active constituents pose additional risks, underscoring the need for reputable products and professional guidance, especially in vulnerable populations or during pregnancy.

Commonly used examples include Echinacea for upper respiratory infections, St. John's wort for mood disorders, garlic and ginkgo for cardiovascular concerns, valerian and chamomile for sleep, peppermint for digestive symptoms, and turmeric for inflammation. They are typically used as complementary therapies rather than replacements for conventional treatment.

Ongoing research seeks to identify active compounds, establish standardized preparations, and clarify safety profiles. Regulatory harmonization and rigorous pharmacovigilance aim to improve quality and accessibility of phytotherapeutic options.