Periodonto

Periodonto is a term that commonly refers to the periodontium, the set of tissues that surround and support the teeth. In dentistry, periodontology is the branch that studies these tissues, their health, diseases, and the prevention and treatment strategies aimed at preserving natural teeth and surrounding structures.

Anatomy and components: The periodontium comprises four main components: the gingiva (gums), the periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone. The gingiva forms a soft tissue seal around the teeth. The periodontal ligament attaches the tooth to the bone and helps absorb masticatory forces. Cementum covers the tooth roots, and the alveolar bone forms the tooth sockets that stabilize teeth within the jaw.

Functions and diseases: The periodontium provides tooth stability, supports eruption, and participates in sensory feedback and defense against pathogens. Disease processes include gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums, and periodontitis, which involves attachment loss and bone loss around teeth. Risk factors include plaque accumulation, smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition. Peri-implant diseases affecting the tissues around dental implants are also considered part of periodontology.

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis relies on clinical measurements such as probing depth, attachment level, bleeding on probing, radiographs, and assessment of tooth mobility. Treatments range from non-surgical therapy (scaling and root planing) to surgical procedures (flap surgery, regenerative techniques) and, when needed, implant-related interventions to manage peri-implant diseases.

Maintenance and prevention: Long-term outcomes depend on meticulous oral hygiene, professional cleanings, and regular maintenance visits. Education, disease monitoring, and research into microbiology, biomarkers, and regenerative methods continue to advance periodontics and improve patient care.