periodontics

Periodontics is a dental specialty focused on the supporting structures of the teeth—the periodontium—which includes the gingiva (gums), the periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone. The field emphasizes the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases, as well as the planning, placement, and maintenance of dental implants and related soft tissue procedures.

The periodontium serves to attach teeth to the jaw and maintain their stability. Periodontal diseases range from gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums, to periodontitis, which involves destruction of the connective tissue and bone that support teeth. Peri-implant diseases, affecting tissues around dental implants, are also managed within periodontics. Risk factors include plaque biofilm, smoking, diabetes, genetics, hormonal changes, and certain medications.

Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging. Measurements of probing depths, recession, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, furcation involvement, and radiographs help determine disease severity and progression. Dental hygienists and periodontists often perform comprehensive periodontal charting and assess oral hygiene status and risk profiles.

Treatment ranges from non-surgical therapy, such as scaling and root planing and patient education, to surgical interventions including flap surgery, osseous resection, bone grafts, guided tissue regeneration, and mucogingival procedures. Regenerative and aesthetic procedures may address bone loss and soft tissue deficiencies. Ongoing maintenance, or supportive periodontal therapy, is essential to prevent relapse.

Education in periodontics typically follows dental school with a specialized residency focused on diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical procedures, and implant-related care. The American Academy of Periodontology and other associations oversee standards and continuing education in the field.