Periodontal

Periodontal refers to the periodontium, the tissues that surround and support the teeth. The main components are the gingiva (gums), periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Together these structures help anchor teeth in the jaw, absorb mechanical forces during chewing, and provide sensory feedback. The marginal gingiva surrounds teeth forming a seal around the neck of each tooth.

Periodontal health is maintained by the balance between host response and bacterial plaque; good oral hygiene and regular dental care keep inflammation low.

Periodontal disease comprises gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is inflammation confined to the gingiva and is reversible with plaque control. If inflammation extends to the supporting tissues, it becomes periodontitis, characterized by attachment loss and bone loss, which can lead to tooth mobility and loss.

Risk factors include plaque biofilm, smoking, diabetes, genetic predisposition, age, hormonal changes, certain medications, and stress.

Diagnosis involves clinical examination including periodontal probing to measure pocket depths; evaluation of bleeding on probing; assessment of attachment level and recession; radiographs to detect bone loss.

Treatment typically starts with nonsurgical therapy—scaling and root planing, improved oral hygiene, and antiseptic or antibiotic adjuncts. In advanced cases, surgical procedures such as flap surgery, bone grafts, or guided tissue regeneration may be indicated. Ongoing maintenance visits every 3–4 months are common to monitor and manage the condition.

Prevention and maintenance focus on daily plaque control, regular dental visits, cessation of smoking, control of systemic conditions, and prompt treatment of early signs of inflammation.