Parkinsonssjúkdómi

Parkinsonsjúkdómi is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system. It is characterized by the gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter crucial for controlling movement, coordination, and balance. When these neurons degenerate, dopamine levels in the brain decrease, leading to the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, although research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors may play a role. Symptoms typically develop slowly and worsen over time. Early signs can be subtle and may include a slight tremor in one limb, often at rest, and a slight stiffness or slowness of movement. As the disease progresses, motor symptoms become more pronounced. These include resting tremor, rigidity (stiffness of the limbs), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability (problems with balance and coordination), which can lead to falls.

Non-motor symptoms are also common and can appear years before motor symptoms. These may include loss of smell, sleep disorders, constipation, depression, anxiety, and cognitive changes. Parkinson's disease is diagnosed based on medical history, a neurological examination, and response to medication. While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, various treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These include medications that help replenish dopamine levels or mimic its effects, as well as therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Surgical options, like deep brain stimulation, may be considered for some individuals in advanced stages.