Parkinsonsjúkdómi

Parkinsonsjúkdómi is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system. It is characterized by the gradual loss of neurons in the substantia nigra, a region of the brain responsible for producing dopamine. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter crucial for regulating movement, balance, and coordination. The decline in dopamine levels leads to the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson's disease, which typically develop slowly over time.

The most common motor symptoms include tremor, often starting in one limb and occurring at rest; rigidity, stiffness in the limbs and trunk; bradykinesia, slowness of movement; and postural instability, leading to impaired balance and coordination. Non-motor symptoms can also be present and may precede motor symptoms by years. These can include loss of smell, sleep disorders, constipation, depression, and cognitive changes.

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease remains unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the presence of characteristic motor symptoms and response to medication. While there is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, various treatments are available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. These include medications that increase dopamine levels or mimic its effects, as well as therapies such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy. Surgical interventions, like deep brain stimulation, may also be an option for some individuals.