Parkesin

Parkesin is a type of thermoplastic polymer developed in the early 20th century, primarily used as a substitute for natural materials like ivory, bone, and celluloid. It was first introduced in the 1920s by the British company Parkes, Ltd., which was named after its founder, Alexander Parkes. The material was initially marketed under the brand name "Parkesine," though the term "Parkesin" later became a generic name for similar synthetic polymers.

Parkesin is made from cellulose nitrate, a compound derived from cellulose (typically from cotton or wood pulp) and nitric acid. The resulting material is hard, glossy, and durable, making it suitable for a variety of applications. It was widely used in the production of decorative items, such as combs, jewelry boxes, and billiard balls, as well as in early photographic equipment like camera cases and viewfinders. Its popularity declined in the mid-20th century as cheaper and more stable synthetic plastics, such as Bakelite and later acrylic, became available.

One of the key advantages of Parkesin was its ability to mimic the appearance of natural materials while being more affordable and resistant to wear. However, it was also highly flammable and prone to yellowing over time, which limited its long-term use. Due to its cellulose nitrate content, Parkesin is also considered hazardous, as it can decompose and release toxic fumes when exposed to heat or mechanical stress.

Today, Parkesin is primarily of historical interest, valued by collectors for its role in early plastic manufacturing. Original pieces often require careful handling due to their fragility and potential toxicity. The material remains a curiosity in the study of industrial design and materials science, illustrating the early experimentation with synthetic alternatives to traditional substances.