Papilloedema

Papilloedema refers to swelling of the optic disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye. This swelling is caused by increased intracranial pressure, a condition where the pressure inside the skull is abnormally high. The optic nerve is sensitive to pressure, and when this pressure rises, it can impede the flow of blood and cerebrospinal fluid at the optic disc, leading to its characteristic swelling.

The symptoms of papilloedema can vary and may include transient visual obscurations, which are brief episodes of vision loss, often noticed when changing posture. Persistent headache, nausea, and vomiting can also be present, especially in the morning. Some individuals may experience blurred vision, double vision, or a pulsing sensation in their ears. In some cases, papilloedema may be asymptomatic and discovered during a routine eye examination.

Diagnosis of papilloedema is made by an ophthalmologist using an ophthalmoscope to visualize the optic disc. The appearance of the optic disc will show blurring of its margins, elevation, and often engorged blood vessels. Further investigations, such as neuroimaging (CT or MRI scans) of the brain, are crucial to identify the underlying cause of the increased intracranial pressure. Other tests may include lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure and analysis.

The treatment of papilloedema focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the elevated intracranial pressure. This could involve medical management, such as medications to reduce pressure, or surgical intervention depending on the specific pathology. Prompt diagnosis and management are essential to prevent potential vision loss and other serious neurological complications.