PVpaneel

PVpaneel, or photovoltaic panel, is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells. A typical panel contains an array of solar cells, usually made of crystalline silicon, encapsulated between a transparent front glass and a backsheet, and held in an aluminum frame with a junction box for electrical connections. The panel is designed to withstand outdoor conditions and is often rated for a certain power output under Standard Test Conditions.

Most PVpanels use crystalline silicon technology, categorized as mono- or polycrystalline (multi) silicon. Mono-Si cells offer higher efficiency and a more uniform appearance, while poly-Si cells are generally less expensive. Thin-film panels, such as CdTe or CIGS, are lighter and more flexible but are less common in residential installations. The electrical output is direct current (DC), which is converted to alternating current (AC) by an inverter for household or grid use. Additional components may include optimizers or microinverters to improve performance on partially shaded roof areas and a racking system for mounting.

Performance and durability vary by technology and conditions. Typical residential modules have efficiencies around 15–22% and power ratings from a few hundred to a few thousand watts. Most panels carry warranties of 25 years or more, with gradual degradation in performance over time. Proper installation, orientation, and shading management are important for maximizing energy production.

PVpanels contribute to renewable electricity generation and can be deployed on rooftops, in ground-mounted systems, or as building-integrated photovoltaics, with lifecycle considerations including manufacturing impacts and end-of-life recycling.