PROGRAMS

Programs are sets of instructions that tell a computer or other digital device how to perform tasks. They take input data, process it according to defined algorithms, and produce output. Programs exist in two broad forms: source code, written in a programming language, and machine-executable code, produced by compiling or assembling the source. Programs rely on hardware, operating systems, and libraries to provide services such as file access, networking, and user interaction.

Common categories include application programs, which carry out user tasks such as word processing or web browsing; system software, such as operating systems and device drivers that control hardware; and utility or development tools, such as antivirus programs, file managers, compilers, and debuggers. Programs may be executed on a wide range of platforms and often depend on libraries and runtime environments, which can affect portability.

Development typically follows stages: specification, design, coding, testing, debugging, and deployment. Many programs are built as multiple components or modules that are linked together. Distribution may be done as source code, binaries, or installation packages. Version control and software licensing govern collaboration and reuse.

History: From early machine code and assembly to high-level languages such as Fortran, Lisp, and C, to modern languages like Python and Java. The concept of programs transformed society by enabling automation, data processing, and digital services. Ongoing concerns include correctness, security, performance, maintainability, and compatibility across hardware and software ecosystems.