PPADs

PPADS is a synthetic organic molecule used as a pharmacological antagonist of purinergic P2 receptors, particularly the P2X family. It is highly water-soluble due to sulfonate groups and carries multiple negative charges, which reduces membrane permeability and favors interaction with extracellular receptor sites. PPADS is commonly employed in neuroscience and physiology research to block ATP-activated signaling mediated by P2X receptor channels.

In experimental settings, PPADS inhibits ATP-evoked currents through several P2X receptor subtypes, with potency varying by subtype and system. It is generally regarded as a relatively non-selective P2X antagonist, so results should be interpreted with appropriate controls and, when possible, complemented by more selective blockers or genetic approaches.

PPADS was introduced in the literature during the late 20th century as one of the early P2 receptor antagonists and has since become a widely used tool in studies of purinergic signaling. Its use is predominantly in vitro or in acute tissue preparations due to limited selectivity and pharmacokinetic properties, which constrain its applicability for in vivo blockade.

Safety and handling follow standard laboratory practices for chemical reagents. PPADS should be prepared and used with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to established regulations. Related reagents, such as suramin and other P2 receptor antagonists, are often used alongside PPADS to parse purinergic signaling pathways.