OpenRAN

OpenRAN (Open Radio Access Network) is an approach to mobile networks that seeks to disaggregate the traditional RAN, separating software from hardware and standardizing open interfaces to enable multi-vendor interoperability. The objective is to foster competition, reduce costs, and speed innovation by enabling different vendors to supply RU, DU, CU, and the control/management software that can interoperate.

Architecture and components: OpenRAN envisions the radio access network as RU, DU, and CU, with a software control plane that includes near-real-time RIC and non-real-time RIC. The near-RT RIC handles real-time data-driven optimization, while the non-RT RIC provides AI/ML and analytics guidance. The interfaces between components are defined by the O-RAN Alliance, along with management and orchestration interfaces. Open interfaces support disaggregated deployment, virtualized functions, and cloud-native operation.

Standards and governance: The O-RAN Alliance coordinates open specifications, test environments, and compliance programs, with members spanning operators, vendors, and researchers. Conformance tests and reference implementations help verify interoperability.

Deployment and impact: OpenRAN deployments are progressing in 4G and 5G networks, driven by operators seeking multi-vendor strategies and faster modernization. Benefits cited include greater vendor choice, reduced capital and operating expenditure, and accelerated software innovation.

Challenges: Interoperability verification, performance parity with traditional RAN, security, and integration complexity remain critical for large-scale deployments. Ongoing work focuses on optimization, standardization, and reliable orchestration across diverse networks.