Ointments

Ointments are semi-solid topical dosage forms in which an active pharmaceutical ingredient is dissolved or dispersed in a predominantly oil-based, oleaginous vehicle. Their high lipid content provides an occlusive barrier that helps retain moisture, protects the skin, and can prolong drug contact time with the affected area. Ointments are typically applied to dry, thick, or scaly skin and are less suitable for wet or hairy surfaces.

Bases used in ointments fall into several categories. Oleaginous (oil-based) bases, such as petrolatum and mineral oil, are very emollient and provide strong occlusion but can be greasy. Absorption bases can incorporate small amounts of water to form water-in-oil emulsions, enabling some hydrophilic drug inclusion. Water-removable bases are emulsions that can be washed off with water (often oil-in-water) and are easier to remove. Water-soluble bases, such as polyethylene glycols (PEGs), contain little to no oil and form non-occlusive formulations that wash away more readily.

Medicated ointments contain various active ingredients used to treat dermatologic conditions, including anti-infectives, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, and antifungals. Common examples include topical antibiotics, corticosteroids, antifungal agents, and antifungal/antibacterial combinations. The choice of base influences drug release, adherence to the skin, and patient tolerance.

Administration and safety considerations include applying a thin layer to the cleaned, dry area and allowing it to absorb. Avoid tight dressings unless advised, as they can increase absorption and delay healing. Store ointments at room temperature away from heat and moisture and keep them out of reach of children. Ointments are contrasted with creams, which are typically lighter, more cosmetically acceptable, and easier to wash off.