Nitreerimine

Nitreerimine is a chemical process involving the introduction of a nitro group (-NO2) into an organic molecule. This is typically achieved by reacting the organic compound with a nitrating agent, most commonly a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, known as "mixed acid." The sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, protonating the nitric acid and facilitating the formation of the nitronium ion (NO2+), which is the electrophilic species that attacks the organic molecule.

The reaction conditions, such as temperature and the concentration of the nitrating agents, are crucial for controlling the extent of nitration. Mononitration, where a single nitro group is added, is common, but under more vigorous conditions, dinitration or even trinitration can occur. The position at which the nitro group attaches to the organic molecule depends on the electronic nature of the substituents already present on the ring, following established principles of electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Nitreerimine is a significant industrial process with various applications. Nitro compounds are often intermediates in the synthesis of other valuable chemicals. For example, nitroaromatic compounds are precursors to amines through reduction, which are used in the production of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Certain nitrated compounds, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties, while others, like nitrocellulose, have found use in propellants and lacquers. The specific properties and uses of a nitrated compound are highly dependent on the structure of the parent organic molecule and the number and position of the nitro groups.