Neurodiversitätsparadigma

Neurodiversity is a concept and social movement that frames neurological differences as natural variations of the human brain rather than as disorders to be cured. The term was coined in the late 1990s by Australian sociologist Judy Singer and gained prominence through advocacy by autistic communities and related groups. The neurodiversity paradigm contrasts with the traditional medical model by emphasizing how social and environmental factors shape disability as much as, or more than, the differences themselves.

The scope of neurodiversity includes a range of neurodevelopmental and cognitive differences such as autism spectrum conditions, ADHD, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, Tourette syndrome, and related profiles. People may identify as neurodivergent, while others identify as neurotypical. The core idea is that neurological differences are part of human diversity with potential strengths as well as challenges, and that disability arises when social structures fail to accommodate these differences.

In practice, neurodiversity-informed approaches advocate for inclusive education, accessible workplaces, and supportive services. This includes accommodations, flexible teaching methods, assistive technologies, sensory-friendly environments, and alternative communication or assessment strategies. The movement also promotes autonomy, self-advocacy, and community for individuals who share these profiles.

Critics raise concerns about broad labeling, the potential to downplay medical needs, and the risks of oversimplifying complex conditions. Proponents respond that a balanced framework can address both medical considerations and social barriers, improving dignity, participation, and quality of life for many individuals without denying ongoing support where needed.