Nephrotikus

Nephrotikus is a term used in some languages to denote the nephrotic syndrome, a collection of signs and symptoms that occur when the kidneys leak large amounts of protein into the urine due to glomerular disease. It is distinct from nephritic syndromes, which have different features.

Key features of nephrotikus include heavy proteinuria, typically more than 3.5 grams per day in adults; hypoalbuminemia; edema; and often hyperlipidemia. Urinalysis may show lipiduria with the presence of oval fat bodies. Blood tests commonly reveal low serum albumin and elevated lipids.

Causes of nephrotikus include both primary glomerular diseases—such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy—and systemic conditions like diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and lupus nephritis. The underlying cause guides treatment and prognosis, and age can influence the likelihood of particular etiologies.

Diagnosis relies on assessment of proteinuria and serum protein levels, supported by urinalysis and blood tests. A kidney biopsy may be required to identify the specific underlying disease, especially in adults or when the presentation is atypical. Management targets the underlying cause and the symptoms: corticosteroids for certain primary diseases; renin–angiotensin system blockade and diuretics for edema and proteinuria; dietary salt restriction; lipid-lowering therapy as needed; and vaccines and infection prevention due to immune loss in the urine.

Prognosis varies. Children with nephrotikus often respond well to treatment, whereas adults have a broader range of outcomes depending on the cause and risk of complications such as infections, thrombosis, and chronic kidney disease.