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Nephropathy refers to any disease or damage affecting the kidneys, specifically the functional units called nephrons. These nephrons are responsible for filtering waste products from the blood, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining fluid homeostasis. When nephrons are damaged, nephropathy can develop, leading to impaired kidney function and, in severe cases, chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Nephropathy can arise from various underlying causes, including diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, infections, and exposure to toxic substances such as certain medications or chemicals. Diabetic nephropathy, a common complication of long-term diabetes, occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste effectively. Similarly, hypertensive nephropathy results from prolonged high blood pressure, which strains the kidneys over time.

Symptoms of nephropathy may not be apparent in early stages, but as the condition progresses, individuals might experience fatigue, swelling in the legs or ankles, frequent urination (especially at night), foamy urine, and persistent high blood pressure. Advanced nephropathy can lead to kidney failure, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant to sustain life.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests (such as measuring creatinine and glomerular filtration rate), urine tests (to detect protein or blood in urine), and imaging studies like ultrasounds or CT scans. Management focuses on controlling underlying conditions, such as diabetes or hypertension, through lifestyle modifications, medication, and, in some cases, dietary restrictions (e.g., reducing sodium and protein intake).

Prevention strategies include maintaining a healthy diet, staying hydrated, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and managing chronic health conditions. Regular check-ups, especially for individuals with risk factors like diabetes or high blood pressure, can help detect nephropathy early and slow its progression. Early intervention is key to preserving kidney function and improving long-term outcomes.