Ncd

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic diseases that are not transmitted between people. They tend to be long-lasting and progress slowly, requiring ongoing care and management rather than short-term treatment. NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, which together account for the majority of global illness and death. In many discussions, mental health disorders and musculoskeletal conditions are also considered alongside the four main groups as part of the broader non-communicable disease burden.

The four major NCD groups are cardiovascular diseases (such as heart disease and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes. These conditions share common risk factors and often occur in the same individuals, contributing to multiplier effects on health, disability, and health care costs.

Global burden and trends indicate that NCDs are the leading cause of death worldwide, responsible for about two-thirds to three-quarters of global fatalities. They place a heavy toll on individuals, families, and health systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to timely prevention, diagnosis, and treatment can be limited.

Key risk factors include tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol, along with metabolic and biological factors such as high blood pressure, raised cholesterol, obesity, and elevated blood glucose. Age and genetics also contribute, as do social determinants and environmental factors.

Prevention and management emphasize a life-course approach and strong primary health care. Effective strategies include risk factor reduction (tobacco and alcohol control, healthy diets, physical activity), regular screening and early detection, affordable access to essential medicines and technologies, and policies that support healthy environments and equitable health care.