Narcissisme

Narcissisme, or narcissism, is a term used in psychology to describe patterns of self-focused thinking and behavior characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a limited capacity for empathy. The term derives from the myth of Narcissus and is used both to describe ordinary personality traits and to identify a clinical condition when these traits are rigid, pervasive and impair functioning.

Narcissisme exists on a spectrum. Subclinical narcissism includes traits such as self-confidence and ambition; when extreme and inflexible, it may constitute Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) as defined in the DSM-5 and ICD-11. Researchers distinguish grandiose narcissism (assertive, extroverted, disdainful of vulnerability) from vulnerable narcissism (anxious, hypersensitive).

Core patterns in NPD include five or more of the following: grandiose sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, belief of being special or unique, need for excessive admiration, sense of entitlement, interpersonally exploitative behavior, lack of empathy, envy, and arrogant attitudes. These traits cause distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Causes are multifactorial, with genetic and environmental contributions, including early attachment experiences and parenting, as well as sociocultural influences. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation; no laboratory test confirms NPD.

Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, such as psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioral approaches, focused on increasing insight, empathy, and coping skills. Pharmacotherapy is used to treat co-occurring conditions or symptoms rather than the narcissism itself. Prognosis varies; with treatment, functioning can improve, though personality traits tend to be persistent.