Nadelverletzungen

Nadelverletzungen, also known as needle stick injuries, occur when a needle, syringe, or other sharp medical device pierces the skin, potentially transferring bloodborne pathogens. These incidents are common in healthcare settings, especially among nurses, physicians, and laboratory personnel, but can also happen in emergency responders or patients handling drug injections. The primary risk stems from the possible transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and HIV, which can be asymptomatic for months or years. It is estimated that about 500,000–1,000,000 new cases of bloodborne pathogen infections each year worldwide are attributable to needle stick injuries.

The immediate response to a needle stick injury follows a standard protocol. First, the wound is washed thoroughly with soap and water, and a disinfectant such as chlorhexidine may be applied. The injury site is then examined for signs of infection. If the device was contaminated with a known or suspected infectious agent, the exposed person should undergo post‑exposure prophylaxis (PEP) testing and, depending on the pathogen, may receive vaccines or antiviral treatments. A baseline serology test is performed to establish the individual's infection status, and subsequent follow‑up tests are scheduled according to recommended intervals: HIV at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months; hepatitis B surface antibody at 1 month; hepatitis C antibody at 3 months; and hepatitis B core antibody if warranted.

Prevention focuses on engineering controls and training. Use of safety-engineered devices such as needle‑less syringe systems and retractable needles reduces risk. Proper waste management, adherence to universal precautions, and staff education on safe handling and disposal procedures are critical. Regular training sessions and refresher courses help maintain awareness of best practices and improve compliance with safety protocols.