NGO

An NGO, or non-governmental organization, is a legally constituted, voluntary group that operates independently of government. NGOs are typically non-profit and mission-driven, funded by private donations, grants, membership dues, and project-specific funding. They pursue activities in many areas, including humanitarian aid, development, health, human rights, environmental protection, and education. NGOs can be international (INGOs) operating across borders or national (local or domestic) organizations working within a single country. They may also function as civil society organizations or community-based organizations at the local level.

Governance and operation: NGOs are usually governed by a board of directors or trustees and run by staff and volunteers. They may obtain legal status as charities or non-profit corporations, with varying tax and regulatory obligations depending on jurisdiction. Reporting, auditing, and accountability to donors and beneficiaries are common features.

Role and activities: They implement programmes, provide humanitarian relief, advocate for policy change, conduct research, and raise awareness. INGOs may coordinate with local partners and governments, but maintain operational independence.

History and context: The term emerged in the mid-20th century alongside the expansion of civil society and postwar development efforts. They often complement government and intergovernmental organizations, though relationships range from collaboration to critique or scrutiny. They face criticisms about efficiency, accountability, fragmentation, and dependence on donor funding.

Notable examples include Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, Oxfam, Save the Children, and the World Wildlife Fund.