Monotropa

Monotropa is a small genus of flowering plants in the heath family Ericaceae. All species are mycoheterotrophs, meaning they lack chlorophyll and obtain carbon and nutrients from symbiotic fungi connected to nearby trees. The best-known species is Monotropa uniflora, commonly called Indian pipe or ghost plant, notable for its pale, translucent stems and absence of green foliage.

Description: Monotropa plants have a short, fleshy root system and a largely leafless stem with scale-like bracts instead of true leaves. In Monotropa uniflora the stem bears a single nodding, bell-shaped flower, though some related species may carry multiple blooms. Flowers are typically white to pale pink and darken with age. After flowering, the fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous tiny seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Monotropa species occur in temperate regions of North America, Europe, and Asia, typically in forest understories with rich leaf litter and humus. They rely on ectomycorrhizal networks linking to trees, such as oaks and pines, rather than photosynthesis, to access carbon and nutrients.

Taxonomy and notes: The genus has undergone revisions, and some species formerly included in Monotropa have been placed in related genera such as Hypopitys. Consequently, treatments of species within Monotropa can vary among authorities. Monotropa remains documented as a group of non-photosynthetic, mycoheterotrophic plants within Ericaceae.