Monomolecular

Monomolecular is an adjective used in chemistry, physics, and materials science to describe a process, structure, or property that involves a single molecule. In chemistry, it is often used interchangeably with unimolecular to refer to reactions or transformations that depend on the state of one molecule rather than on interactions with a second molecule.

In chemical kinetics, a monomolecular (unimolecular) reaction proceeds via transformation of a single reacting species and follows a first-order rate law, such that the rate depends only on the concentration of that molecule. Such reactions often occur through internal rearrangements or dissociation and may proceed after energy input or via an activated intermediate. Although they involve one reacting molecule, unimolecular steps can be influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, or the presence of a catalytic environment.

In surface science and thin-film chemistry, monomolecular films or monolayers are layers one molecule thick. Langmuir monolayers form at the air–water interface when amphiphilic molecules spread to create organized molecular assemblies. These monolayers are studied with surface pressure–area isotherms and can serve as model systems for molecular interactions. The Langmuir–Blodgett technique enables transfer of such monolayers onto solid substrates, producing well-defined thin films.

In nanotechnology and molecular electronics, the term also appears in discussions of monomolecular or single-molecule devices, where a single molecule acts as a functional component in an electronic or mechanical system. Although highly challenging experimentally, the concept guides research into the limits of miniaturization and molecular-level function.