Minning

Minning, a variant spelling of mining, is the extraction of valuable minerals and metals from the Earth. It encompasses the discovery, development, extraction, processing, and rehabilitation of mineral deposits. Although the term is less common than mining, many historical sources and regional usages employ "minning."

Mining methods are generally categorized as surface mining and underground mining. Surface mining digs ore near the surface using open-pit, strip, or mountaintop removal techniques, while underground mining accesses deeper deposits via shafts and tunnels. Choice depends on ore geometry, depth, rock stability, and economics.

Ore processing concentrates valuable minerals through crushing, grinding, separation by flotation or gravity, and refining options such as smelting or leaching. Mature operations manage waste rock and tailings to minimize environmental impact and recover energy and materials in secondary streams.

Mining may affect land, water, and ecosystems, and can disrupt local communities. Environmental concerns include habitat loss, water use, dust, and acid mine drainage. Regulatory frameworks require environmental impact assessments, permitting, reclamation plans, and monitoring. Safety standards, worker training, and accident prevention are central to responsible practices.

Mining is highly capital-intensive and sensitive to commodity prices. It is governed by national and international laws, with agencies enforcing safety, environmental, and labor standards. Taxation, royalties, and corporate governance shape project viability and community outcomes.

Advances in automation, remote operation, and sustainable mining practices aim to improve efficiency, safety, and reclamation. Certification schemes and transparency initiatives promote responsible sourcing of minerals.