Metsandustavad

Metsandustavad, Estonian for forest management practices, denote the set of practical, legal, and ethical approaches used to plan, establish, manage, and harvest forests to meet economic, ecological, and social objectives.

Core elements include planning and assessment (stand inventories, growth models, and long-term forest plans); silvicultural methods such as thinning, release cuts, site preparation, pruning, and weed control; regeneration methods (natural regeneration and planting or seeding); and harvesting regimes (clear-cutting, shelterwood, seed-tree and selective cutting). Emphasis is placed on maintaining soil structure and water quality, protecting habitats, and enhancing resilience to climate change.

Implementation is typically governed by national forest law and policy, carried out by forest owners or managers, and monitored by authorities. Certification schemes (such as PEFC or FSC) may influence practices by promoting sustainable outputs and continuous improvement.

The concept reflects a shift from extraction-focused forestry toward ecosystem-based management, seeking a balance between timber value, biodiversity, water and soil protection, and the needs of local communities. Debates often concern trade-offs between productivity and conservation, as well as equity in resource access.