Metalas

Metalas is a term used in several languages, notably Lithuanian, for the chemical element known in English as metal. Metals are elements characterized by high electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, ductility, and metallic luster. They tend to form positive ions and are held together by metallic bonds, which give solids strength and reflectivity. With the exception of mercury, metals are solid at room temperature. In the periodic table they appear mainly in the left and center regions, with some metals occupying the right-hand side in the p-block.

Metals are commonly grouped into alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, and the lanthanides and actinides. Each group has distinct traits: alkali metals are highly reactive; alkaline earth metals are reactive and often light; transition metals are usually hard, dense, and good conductors; post-transition metals are softer with variable reactivity; lanthanides and actinides include rare earths and radioactive elements.

Occurrence and production: Metals occur in Earth's crust primarily in minerals as ores. Extraction involves mining, ore processing, and reduction by smelting or electrolysis, followed by refining and alloying to achieve desired properties. Recycling of metals is widespread and reduces environmental impact.

Uses and impact: Metals are essential in construction, transportation, electronics, machinery, and tools. Alloys such as steel, aluminum alloys, bronze, and brass combine properties like strength, hardness, and malleability. Metals are common electrical conductors and catalysts. Environmental and health considerations include mining impacts and the handling of toxic metals; responsible recycling and waste management are important.