Merenkulku

Merenkulku is the activity of moving goods and passengers by sea. It covers commercial shipping carried by ships such as container vessels, bulk carriers, and tankers, as well as domestic and international passenger ferries and other seaborne traffic. As a foundational element of global logistics, merenkulku enables intercontinental trade, resource transport, and regional connectivity.

Practically, merenkulku relies on a network of ports, terminals, shipping companies, and support services. Ports handle loading, unloading, storage, and customs clearance; vessels are operated by shipping lines and charterers; pilotage, towage, and harbour services support safe navigation. The sector is governed by international rules and organisations (for example SOLAS and MARPOL) and by national maritime administrations, flag states, and port state control.

Environmental and safety considerations influence vessel design and operations, including energy efficiency, ballast water management, and emissions reduction. Industry initiatives seek to improve logistics efficiency, introduce alternative fuels and technologies, and reduce ecological footprint.

In Finland, merenkulku is a central element of the economy. Finnish ports such as Helsinki, Kotka, Turku, and Oulu handle imports and exports and connect with road and rail networks. The sector supports forest products, chemical and metal industries, and tourism via ferry services to nearby countries. Finland maintains a maritime administration and participates in international cooperation on safety and environmental standards.