pilotage

Pilotage is a method of navigation that relies on visual reference to landmarks, coastlines, and other easily identifiable features to determine position and course. It is typically used when electronic navigation aids are limited or when entering restricted waters, such as harbors. In maritime and aviation contexts, pilotage may be complemented by charts, compasses, and other instruments, but ultimately depends on sighting recognizable features.

In maritime navigation, pilotage involves a local harbor pilot who boards the vessel near the pilotage district to guide it through hazardous waters and port approaches. Pilots possess detailed knowledge of channels, depths, tides, currents, and local traffic rules. They work in conjunction with the ship's master, often assuming command in critical areas, and may use pilot boats, tugs, and radio communications to coordinate the maneuver. Many jurisdictions require the use of a local pilot for entry into certain ports or waterways.

In aviation, pilotage denotes navigation by visual reference to terrestrial features such as rivers, roads, and towns, often used in visual flight rules. Pilots determine position by aligning features with aeronautical charts and landmarks, sometimes supported by aerial photographs or satellite imagery. Although modern flight relies heavily on instruments and air navigation aids, pilotage remains a fundamental skill for visual navigation and situational awareness.

Techniques include observing landmarks, measuring bearings to known features, plotting fixes on charts, and using depth soundings or currents in waterborne pilotage. In both domains, poor visibility, night conditions, and unfamiliar terrain increase risk and reduce reliability.